Which Of The Following Is Not True About Skin Preparations?

Drugs are introduced into the trunk past several routes. They may exist

Taken by oral cavity (orally)
Given past injection into a vein (intravenously, Iv), into a musculus (intramuscularly, IM), into the space around the spinal cord (intrathecally), or beneath the skin (subcutaneously, sc)
Placed under the tongue (sublingually) or between the gums and cheek (buccally)
Inserted in the rectum (rectally) or vagina (vaginally)
Placed in the eye (by the ocular route) or the ear (past the otic route)
Sprayed into the nose and absorbed through the nasal membranes (nasally)
Breathed into the lungs, usually through the mouth (past inhalation) or rima oris and olfactory organ (by nebulization)
Applied to the skin (cutaneously) for a local (topical) or bodywide (systemic) effect
Delivered through the skin by a patch (transdermally) for a systemic effect

Each route has specific purposes, advantages, and disadvantages.

Many drugs tin can be administered orally every bit liquids, capsules, tablets, or chewable tablets. Because the oral route is the most convenient and commonly the safest and to the lowest degree expensive, information technology is the 1 almost often used. Yet, it has limitations considering of the way a drug typically moves through the digestive tract. For drugs administered orally, absorption may begin in the oral cavity and tummy. Yet, most drugs are commonly captivated from the small intestine. The drug passes through the intestinal wall and travels to the liver earlier existence transported via the bloodstream to its target site. The abdominal wall and liver chemically modify (metabolize) many drugs, decreasing the amount of drug reaching the bloodstream. Consequently, these drugs are oftentimes given in smaller doses when injected intravenously to produce the same upshot.

When a drug is taken orally, food and other drugs in the digestive tract may affect how much of and how fast the drug is absorbed. Thus, some drugs should be taken on an empty tummy, others should be taken with food, others should not be taken with sure other drugs, and still others cannot be taken orally at all.

Other routes of administration are required when the oral route cannot exist used, for case:

When a person cannot take anything by mouth
When a drug must be administered apace or in a precise or very high dose
When a drug is poorly or erratically absorbed from the digestive tract

Assistants past injection (parenteral administration) includes the following routes:

Subcutaneous (under the peel)
Intramuscular (in a musculus)
Intravenous (in a vein)
Intrathecal (around the spinal string)

A drug product tin be prepared or manufactured in ways that prolong drug absorption from the injection site for hours, days, or longer. Such products practice non need to be administered as oftentimes equally drug products with more rapid assimilation.

Through the Skin

Sometimes a drug is given through the skin—past needle (subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous route), past patch (transdermal route), or by implantation.

For the subcutaneous route, a needle is inserted into fat tissue merely beneath the skin. After a drug is injected, it and then moves into small blood vessels (capillaries) and is carried abroad past the bloodstream. Alternatively, a drug reaches the bloodstream through the lymphatic vessels (see effigy Lymphatic System: Helping Defend Against Infection Lymphatic System: Helping Defend Confronting Infection ). Protein drugs that are large in size, such as insulin, usually reach the bloodstream through the lymphatic vessels considering these drugs move slowly from the tissues into capillaries. The subcutaneous route is used for many protein drugs because such drugs would be destroyed in the digestive tract if they were taken orally.

The intramuscular road is preferred to the subcutaneous route when larger volumes of a drug product are needed. Considering the muscles lie below the skin and fatty tissues, a longer needle is used. Drugs are usually injected into the muscle of the upper arm, thigh, or buttock. How chop-chop the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream depends, in part, on the blood supply to the muscle: The sparser the claret supply, the longer it takes for the drug to be absorbed.

For the intravenous route, a needle is inserted directly into a vein. A solution containing the drug may exist given in a single dose or by continuous infusion. For infusion, the solution is moved by gravity (from a collapsible plastic pocketbook) or, more than commonly, by an infusion pump through thin flexible tubing to a tube (catheter) inserted in a vein, commonly in the forearm. Intravenous administration is the all-time way to deliver a precise dose quickly and in a well-controlled mode throughout the trunk. It is also used for irritating solutions, which would cause pain and damage tissues if given past subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. An intravenous injection can be more hard to administrate than a subcutaneous or intramuscular injection considering inserting a needle or catheter into a vein may exist difficult, especially if the person is obese.

When given intravenously, a drug is delivered immediately to the bloodstream and tends to accept upshot more quickly than when given past any other road. Consequently, wellness intendance practitioners closely monitor people who receive an intravenous injection for signs that the drug is working or is causing undesired side effects. Also, the effect of a drug given by this route tends to last for a shorter time. Therefore, some drugs must be given by continuous infusion to keep their effect constant.

For the intrathecal road, a needle is inserted between two vertebrae in the lower spine and into the space around the spinal cord. The drug is so injected into the spinal canal. A pocket-size amount of local anesthetic is often used to numb the injection site. This route is used when a drug is needed to produce rapid or local effects on the brain, spinal cord, or the layers of tissue covering them (meninges)—for case, to treat infections of these structures. Anesthetics and analgesics (such as morphine) are sometimes given this way.

A few drugs are placed nether the tongue (taken sublingually) or betwixt the gums and teeth (buccally) so that they can dissolve and be captivated direct into the small blood vessels that lie beneath the natural language. These drugs are not swallowed. The sublingual road is particularly good for nitroglycerin, which is used to relieve angina, considering absorption is rapid and the drug immediately enters the bloodstream without first passing through the intestinal wall and liver. However, most drugs cannot be taken this way because they may be absorbed incompletely or erratically.

Many drugs that are administered orally can too exist administered rectally as a suppository. In this form, a drug is mixed with a waxy substance that dissolves or liquefies later on it is inserted into the rectum. Because the rectum'southward wall is thin and its blood supply rich, the drug is readily absorbed. A suppository is prescribed for people who cannot take a drug orally because they have nausea, cannot consume, or take restrictions on eating, every bit is required earlier and later on many surgical operations. Drugs that can be administered rectally include acetaminophen (for fever), diazepam (for seizures), and laxatives (for constipation). Drugs that are irritating in suppository form may take to exist given past injection.

Some drugs may be administered vaginally to women equally a solution, tablet, cream, gel, suppository, or ring. The drug is slowly absorbed through the vaginal wall. This road is often used to give estrogen to women during menopause to salvage vaginal symptoms such as dryness, soreness, and redness.

Drugs used to treat eye disorders (such every bit glaucoma, conjunctivitis, and injuries) tin can be mixed with inactive substances to make a liquid, gel, or ointment so that they can be applied to the eye. Liquid center drops are relatively easy to use but may run off the centre also quickly to be absorbed well. Gel and ointment formulations keep the drug in contact with the eye surface longer, merely they may blur vision. Solid inserts, which release the drug continuously and slowly, are also bachelor, only they may be difficult to put in and keep in place.

Ocular drugs are almost always used for their local furnishings. For case, artificial tears are used to relieve dry eyes. Other drugs (for instance, those used to treat glaucoma [see table Drugs Used to Treat Glaucoma ], such as acetazolamide and betaxolol, and those used to amplify pupils, such equally phenylephrine and tropicamide) produce a local effect (acting directly on the eyes) after they are absorbed through the cornea and conjunctiva. Some of these drugs then enter the bloodstream and may cause unwanted side effects on other parts of the torso.

Drugs used to care for ear inflammation and infection tin can be practical direct to the afflicted ears. Ear drops containing solutions or suspensions are typically applied just to the outer ear canal. Before applying ear drops, people should thoroughly make clean the ear with a moist material and dry it. Unless the drugs are used for a long time or used too much, trivial of the drugs enter the bloodstream, so bodywide side furnishings are absent or minimal. Drugs that tin can exist given by the otic route include hydrocortisone (to relieve inflammation), ciprofloxacin (to treat infection), and benzocaine (to numb the ear).

If a drug is to be breathed in and captivated through the thin mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages, it must be transformed into tiny droplets in air (atomized). Once absorbed, the drug enters the bloodstream. Drugs administered past this route more often than not work speedily. Some of them irritate the nasal passages. Drugs that tin can be administered by the nasal route include nicotine (for smoking cessation), calcitonin (for osteoporosis), sumatriptan (for migraine headaches), and corticosteroids (for allergies).

Drugs administered by inhalation through the mouth must be atomized into smaller droplets than those administered past the nasal route, so that the drugs can pass through the windpipe (trachea) and into the lungs. How deeply into the lungs they become depends on the size of the droplets. Smaller aerosol get deeper, which increases the corporeality of drug absorbed. Within the lungs, they are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Relatively few drugs are administered this manner because inhalation must be advisedly monitored to ensure that a person receives the right amount of drug within a specified time. In addition, specialized equipment may exist needed to requite the drug past this route. Commonly, this method is used to administrate drugs that act specifically on the lungs, such as aerosolized antiasthmatic drugs in metered-dose containers (called inhalers), and to administer gases used for full general anesthesia.

Side effects tin can include those that occur when the drug is deposited directly in the lungs (such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of jiff, and lung irritation), spread of the drug into the environment (perchance affecting people other than the ane taking the drug), and contamination of the device used for nebulization (specially when the device is reused and inadequately cleaned). Using the device properly helps prevent side furnishings.

Drugs applied to the skin are commonly used for their local effects and thus are nearly commonly used to treat superficial peel disorders, such as psoriasis Psoriasis Psoriasis is a chronic, recurring affliction that causes ane or more raised, red patches that have silvery scales and a distinct edge betwixt the patch and normal peel. A problem with the immune... read more than Psoriasis , eczema Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Atopic dermatitis (unremarkably referred to as eczema) is chronic, itchy inflammation of the upper layers of the skin that oft develops in people who have hay fever or asthma and in people who... read more Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) , skin infections (viral Viral Pare Infections , bacterial Overview of Bacterial Skin Infections The pare provides a remarkably good barrier against bacterial infections. Although many bacteria come up in contact with or reside on the skin, they are normally unable to institute an infection... read more than , and fungal Overview of Fungal Skin Infections Fungi usually brand their homes in moist areas of the body where skin surfaces meet: between the toes, in the genital area, and under the breasts. Common fungal skin infections are acquired by... read more ), itching Itching Itching can be very uncomfortable. It is one of the most common reasons people run into doctors who specialize in pare disorders (dermatologists). Itching makes people want to scratch. Scratching... read more , and dry skin Dry out Peel (Xeroderma) Xeroderma is ordinary dry out skin. (See also Itching.) Normal skin owes its soft, pliable texture to its water content. To aid protect against water loss, the outer layer of skin contains oil... read more Dry Skin (Xeroderma) . The drug is mixed with inactive substances. Depending on the consistency of the inactive substances, the formulation may be an ointment, cream, lotion, solution, powder, or gel (see Topical Preparations Topical Preparations Topical drugs (drugs applied directly to the pare) are a mainstay of treating peel disorders. Systemic drugs are taken by mouth or given by injection and are distributed throughout the trunk... read more ).

Some drugs are delivered bodywide through a patch on the skin. These drugs are sometimes mixed with a chemical (such every bit booze) that enhances penetration through the pare into the bloodstream without whatsoever injection. Through a patch, the drug can exist delivered slowly and continuously for many hours or days or even longer. As a result, levels of a drug in the blood tin can be kept relatively constant. Patches are particularly useful for drugs that are chop-chop eliminated from the body because such drugs, if taken in other forms, would take to be taken oft. Withal, patches may irritate the skin of some people. In addition, patches are limited by how apace the drug tin penetrate the skin. Just drugs to exist given in relatively small daily doses tin can be given through patches. Examples of such drugs include nitroglycerin (for chest hurting), scopolamine (for motion sickness), nicotine (for smoking cessation), clonidine (for loftier claret pressure), and fentanyl (for hurting relief).